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Statistics made easy pdf11/14/2022 ![]() Procedure bias: subjects in different arms of the study are treated differently (other than the exposure or intervention).Observer bias: when variables are reported differently between assessors.Measurement bias: when information is recorded in a distorted manner (e.g.Attrition bias: when those patients who are lost to follow-up differ in a systematic way to those who did return for assessment or clinic.Selection bias: error in the process of selecting participants for the study and assigning them to particular arms of the study.There are numerous types of bias to be aware of, some of which are listed below: The percentage of tumour volume reduction can then be derived from this.īiases are systematic differences between the data that has been collected and the reality in the population. For example, pre- and postoperative tumour volumes may be the data that is directly collected. This means that it undergoes some sort of conversion or analysis following the initial collection. The diagram below demonstrates a simple classification for variables:ĭata may also be derived. The best statistical methods to use vary depending on the type of variables in question. In order to collect and analyse data appropriately, the variables involved must first be classified. You might also be interested in our OSCE Flashcard Collection which contains over 2000 flashcards that cover clinical examination, procedures, communication skills and data interpretation. ![]()
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